Advertising is not bad for children’s health

Majority of the children are still healthy – there is no clear proof that Australian children are becoming less healthy – survey of 5000 children aged 4-16 in schools across NSW, conducted by NSW government, concluded that only 5% increase of overweight population since 1997 to around 25% – children are exercising more frequently more than they were in 1997 2. Children’s good health may be attributed to food chains – Ryan, 9, plays organized sports, intelligent and has a healthy weight and eats McDonald’s burger and fries and fastfood pizza– McDonald’s encourages children to be involved in sports through sponsoring competitions 3. Advertising detractors just want to make the fastfood chains business difficult – most of them are not interested in children’s eating habits at all 4. Advertisement for food aimed at children do not really make them eat more than they otherwise would – companies advertise not with the aim of making children eat more but of the market share 5. Advertising is the only way for producers to share information with the community about their products – it would be disservice to the company and to the community they serve– children, like consumers, need access to information to allow them to be educated C: Advertising is not bad for children’s health Evaluation: This article was written by the author in response to the imperative demand of groups lobbying for banning advertisements of fastfood chains as it harms the children’s health. These groups have claimed that the ill-health and obesity among children are caused by these advertisements and that banning these advertisements is vital to the health of the children. The author uses informal language in the counter arguments.It attempted to produce scientific claims as rebuttal. There are five major premises in this article. One scientific data was included to support the first claim and no other researches were used as evidence in the succeeding arguments. The first argument suggests that according to a survey conducted by NSW government, the children in Australia are still healthy compared to only 5% increase in the overweight population. This statement gives the impression that the rest of the 70% of the population do not suffer from overweight problems or are normal.The survey should have furthered on how many in the population are underweight because unhealthy weight of children come in both directions. Also, the article lacked information as to when the survey was conducted to compare it with the results in 1997. A more exact time frame conducted might produce a stronger comparison as to the health of the children in terms of their weight. The second support statement saying that children exercise more frequently than they were in 1997 could have been made more substantive if detailed in the survey.This might give the readers the impression that selective read ing might have been done to support the claim. Variables in the survey should specify the frequency of exercise that makes the children healthier. The second premise is an argument based on example. In logic, this is a big fallacy. One can not claim to have his own experience applicable to the entire community or to a group of people. What is true to one may not be true to another. A specific example of Ryan can not suffice as evidence. Logically it is applying a conclusion out of a single example which may be illicit generalization.The statement about Ryan saying that his favorite food are from the fastfood chains do not necessarily mean that eating them would make him healthy. Making these foods as his favorite does not also mean that he eats these foods exclusively everyday. For all we know, Ryan may be taking vitamin supplements to make him healthy and maintain optimum function. Secondly, Mc Donald’s sport competitions may not necessarily mean that they are concerned abou t the children’s health. This article has mentioned already that the interest of the company is to produce market share, to therefore produce good profit.If McDonald’s chooses to be visible in children activities, it does not necessarily make them nutritious and healthy as a fastfood chain. Supporting events do not necessarily exempt McDonald’s from any allegation the pro-health lobbyist groups have indicted them. The third argument attacks on the main motivation of detractors. The article suggests that the qualms of these advertising antagonists is that they are mainly concerned about destroying the reputation of fastfood chains and not really caring of children’s health.The single subpremise provided by this argument can not be sufficient in supporting this argument. This argument, let alone, does not have enough bearing to stand on its own because it did not clearly illustrate the real world scenario as it has claimed. The undertone of this argument im plies that there is a bigger competition in the food business against the fastfood chains. This may at least be true thinking that it eats up the market share of other cuisines in terms of children.However, the claim should have included statistics to point into figures the alleged claim of the madness among detractors. The fourth argument, saying that the aim of advertisements is not really to have the children eat more but to have a bigger market share may prove to be a realistic argument. This is the only argument that does not rely on health statistics right at the onset. It may not be obvious in the advertisement upon its theme and delivery, however, the clear picture among the businessmen running the company is to have a bigger share in the market to produce more profit.It does not have control as to how much food the children are going to eat in their foodchains, their main concern is the number of sales they get at the end of the day. Health may not be a selling ground in th is argument, however, it is the only sensible and truthful among the other arguments posted in the article. The last argument saying that advertising is the only way for producers to share information to their community may not necessarily be true. The trend of having models wear a specific product for example or incorporating in movies the product of McDonald’s may not be blatantly advertising but it gives out the same information.The last argument is generalizing that the only outlet for information dissemination among companies is through paid advertisements in televisions when in fact people can always have testimonies, researches, tabloids and other media sources. The subpremise saying that it may be a form of disservice to the community if the company may not be able to advertise may partially be true. If the company has perks that are available for the community in a specified time frame, this argument may be acceptable. Otherwise, the company may exist without the ben efits of advertisement.The second subpremise in this argument is that children need information, too. Just like people who are in quest for knowledge of a certain product or are just slack and waiting for information, children need adventurous or interesting ways of product presentation and information. Most likely, the creative way to producing such is through advertisements. There is greater product recall and product orientation in the way the product is presented in advertisements rather than reading it in tabloids or in journals.Advertisement seem to capture interest and in its emotional appeal rather than the rationalization in broadsheets, and the like. Like all people, children need information. As a whole, the entire article in its specificity and clarity is not persuasive enough to claim that advertising is not bad for children’s health. Perhaps, the biggest loophole in this article is the failure to provide a causal link between the two terms: advertising and child ren’s health. It has also failed to define the nature of advertising and the nature of children’s health, although, obesity was implied as the main illness in the argument.Objectively, right at the outset, these terms would have been defined and given background as to the qualms of the detractors to make the entire tone of the article more substantive. There must be a direct link as to advertising directly affecting a group of children, making them really unhealthy and must cause a wave of urgency to have this stopped. The article is highly opinionated and may need evidences to support its claims. A better article should contain statistics relating to specific arguments as a number of 6th grade students are reported obese after eating at mcdonald’s once a day for the entire 2 months.Further researches and surveys should be made to support claims and to make the entire article more persuasive. Claims could have been furthermore substantiated to make the article m ore convincing. The survey conducted by NSW would have been more convincing if it included complete information as to the date of the conduction of the survey to have a better comparison to the status of the health of children today. This should have at least mentioned as to the frequency of the subjects going to fastfood in a week or any information in that line.If complete information was released in this survey, it would have been more convincing and more substantive. This is the only survey produced in this article and the only form of science that can be investigated further to support the claim of this article. However, it still poses questions in the readers’ thoughts therefore compromising its validity and accuracy. In general, I should say that the author was not clear and satisfactory in its counter argument in his claim that Advertising is not bad for children’s health.

Aptitude Test

Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 1 of 7 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis (GDipSA) Aptitude Test Sample All GDipSA applicants are required to sit for the aptitude test. This is a test to measure your aptitudes for learning and performing the job of computer programming and systems analysis. There are four parts to the test and each part will be timed separately – Diagram Ability, Reasoning, Number Ability, and English Language Ability. It is designed to test your problem-solving ability, your ability to read and understand diagrams, etc. You can’t really study for the test.It is designed to test what abilities you have, as opposed to testing what facts or information you know. Sample Questions Diagramming [30 Marks] Question 1 – 30 In this section there are a number of problems with flow charts (schematic diagrams) that illustrate the process by which each problem is solved. The solution to a problem is illustrated in its diagram by following the arro ws from cell to cell. Sample question 1: Customer purchases tickets Buy as family package? N Charge $10 Y 1 N Charge price with 20% discount 2 Y Get the number of persons in family Charge full price Problem and conditions A.A themepark has decided to charge their entrance fee by individual or family package. ? As individual, ticket will be sold at $10 per person ? As family, ticket will be sold at $8 per person B. There is also a difference in the fee based on the entry time into the park. ? Entry to theme park before noon will be charged at the full price ? Entry to theme park after noon will be charged the normal price with a 20% discount SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 2 of 7 Cell 1. A. Is the entry before noon? B. Is the entry after noon? C. Customer purchases individual ticketD. Customer purchases a family package E. Customer makes payment Answer: (A) Cell 2. A. Charge $10 per person B. Charge $10 with 20% discount per person C. Charg e $8 per person D. Customer makes payment E. Check the time of entry Answer: (C) Sample question 2: ADD 1 TO RESIDENCE COUNT SET RESIDENCE COUNT TO 0 HOUSEHOLD INCOME > $ 5,000 SET TYPE A COUNT TO 0 N Y 2 SET TYPE B COUNT TO 0 NUMBER OF CHILDREN > 2 N Y N Y SET TYPE C COUNT TO 0 1 HOUSING SIZE > 100 M2 4 N Y N 3 N Y Y N HOUSEHOLD INCOME > $ 3,000 N NUMBER OF CHILDREN > 4 Y Y Y ADD 1 TO TYPE A COUNT ADD 1 TO TYPE B COUNTN ADD 1 TO TYPE C COUNT 5 N IS TYPE B COUNT EQUALS 30 N IS TYPE C COUNT EQUALS 10 Y Y Y SUFFICIENT TYPE A RESIDENCES FOUND SUFFICIENT TYPE B RESIDENCES FOUND SUFFICIENT TYPE C RESIDENCES FOUND END OF PROBLEM END OF PROBLEM N END OF PROBLEM N IS RESIDENCE COUNT EQUALS 200? Y OBJECTIVE NOT MET END OF PROBLEM SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 3 of 7 Problem and conditions for Drawing 1 A. 200 Residences are randomly drawn from a pool of 5000 Residences. B. The objective is to get a group of residences of any Type (A, B or C) of a certain quantity. C.Acceptance Criteria for various types of residences are as follows: Variable Household Income Housing Size Number of Children Quantity Required Type A > $5,000 > 120 m2 >2 20 Type B > $4,000 > 100 m2 >1 30 Type C > $3,000 > 90 m2 >4 10 D. A residence can be classified as more than one Type. (ie a Residence could be Type A as well as Type C). However the selection criteria require the residence to be of a single type. An order of preference is therefore used to select the final type for such Residences. The order of preference is classified as follows: 1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type CIn other words, a residence having both Type A and C will be considered having a type of Type A. Cell 1 A. Household Income > $ 5,000? B. Household Income > $ 4,000? C. Household Income > $ 3,000? D. Residence is not Type A? E. Residence is not Type B? Answer: (B) Cell 2 A. Household Income > $ 5,000? B. Household Income > $ 4,000? C. Household Income > $ 3,000? D. Housing Size > 100 m2 ? E. Housing Size > 120 m2? Answer: (E) Cell 3 A. Housing Size > 80 m2? B. Housing Size > 90 m2? C. Housing Size > 100 m2? D. Household Income > $ 3,000? E. Household Income > $ 4,000?Answer: (B) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 4 of 7 Cell 4 A. Number of Children > 1? B. Number of Children equals 1? C. Number of Children > 2? D. Number of Children equals 2? E. Number of Children > 3? Answer: (A) Cell 5 A. Is Type A Count equals 10? B. Is Type B Count equals 20? C. Is Type C Count equals 30? D. Is Type A Count equals 20? E. Is Type B Count equals 30? Answer: (D) Reasoning [30 Marks] Question 31- 60 This is a test of your ability to reason and to express problems in a simple form using conventional mathematical symbols.The items in the test require you to read a problem and formulate an answer for it. Sample question 1: A new homeowner ordered an air-conditioning system which costs A dollars, six wardrobes which cost W dollars a piece, and a dozen beds which cost B dollars each. The total cost of the order is A. A + W + B B. AB + 6W C. A + 6W + 12B D. A + (W + B) / 2 E. A + (2W +B)6 Answer: (C) Sample question 2: S dollars are divided amongst 3 persons, so that the first person receives $20 less than the second person, and the second person receives $20 less than the third person. What does the last person receive? A. S – 60 B.S- 40 C. S/3 -20 D. S/3 +20 E. None of the above Answer: (D) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 5 of 7 Sample question 3: When a shipment of eggs was received, it was found that R eggs out of the total of P eggs were broken. Which of the following expressions indicates the percent of the eggs that were unbroken? A. R*100 / P B. P / R C. P/R *100 D. (P-R)*100 / P E. P + R Answer: (D) Sample question 4: In a box containing Z pens, S pens contain red lead and the rest contain blue lead. Which of the following expressions indicates the percent of the pe n containing blue lead? A. 100 (Z – S)] / Z B. 100 – (Z / S ) C. S / (Z – S) D. (Z – S) / (Z + S) E. 100S / (Z – S) Answer: (A) Number Ability [20 Marks] Question 61- 80 This test measures your ability to make rapid numerical calculations and estimates. Sample question 1: 123. 4 ? 1/10 (approximate) A. 1. 2 B. 12 C. 120 D. 1200 E. 12000 Answer: (D) Sample question 2: 40% of 645 (approximate) A. 230 B. 260 C. 25 D. 269 E. 250 Answer: (B) Sample question 3: 13. 5 + 49. 4 – 35. 2 A. 72. 20 B. 27. 70 C. 37. 20 D. 17. 40 E. 2. 77 Answer: (B) Sample question 4: 4/7 x 3. 90 A. 0. 222 SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems AnalysisPage 6 of 7 B. 22. 22 C. 2. 228 D. 222. 2 E. 2. 222 Answer: (C) Sample question 5: (36/9 + 16) / (5 x 5 – 20) A. 40 B. 0. 4 C. 0. 44 D. 44 E. 4 Answer: (E) English Language Ability [20 marks] Question 81 – 100 Read the following passage and answer the questions below. Oct 9, 2009 JewelF est still dazzles WITH recent signs that the economy is picking up, fair organisers and exhibitors are optimistic about sales at their events starting this weekend. The organiser of the seventh JewelFest, which opens today and runs until Oct 18, expects to see sales increase from last year's $10 million to $12 million this year.Some 36 exhibitors will showcase $120 million worth of gems at Ngee Ann City Civic Plaza, up from 33 exhibitors and $100 million worth of gems last year. A four-day car exhibition, the inaugural Asia AutoSalon 2009, opened yesterday at Singapore Expo. About 50,000 visitors are expected at the event, with sales of at least $1 million. It features more than 100 models from more than 50 exhibitors. Both organisers cited the improved economy as the reason for their bullish outlook. . — MY PAPER Sample question 1: â€Å"optimistic about sales† shows that A. the organisers and exhibitors have lack of confidenceB. the organisers and exhibitors are by n ature a group of cheerful people C. the organisers and exhibitors are full of confidence D. the organisers and exhibitors are expecting less people to the exhibitions E. the organisers and exhibitors are unhappy with their sales Answer: (C) Sample question 2: â€Å"cited the improved economy as the reason for their bullish outlook† can be best replaced by A. explained that their bullish outlook is due to the improved economy B. felt that their bullish outook is the reason for the improved economy C. indicated that the improved outlook is due to the good economy D. greed that good economy contributes to their bullish outlook E. presented that the economy has improved and that their outlook is bullish Answer: (A) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 7 of 7 Sample question 3: â€Å"up from 33 exhibitors and $100 million worth of gems last year† implies that A. last year there were more exhibitors than this year B. last year there wer e less exhibitors than this year C. last year there were more sales than this year D. last year there were more customers than this year E. last year there were more gems than this year Answer: (B) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Aptitude Test Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 1 of 7 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis (GDipSA) Aptitude Test Sample All GDipSA applicants are required to sit for the aptitude test. This is a test to measure your aptitudes for learning and performing the job of computer programming and systems analysis. There are four parts to the test and each part will be timed separately – Diagram Ability, Reasoning, Number Ability, and English Language Ability. It is designed to test your problem-solving ability, your ability to read and understand diagrams, etc. You can’t really study for the test.It is designed to test what abilities you have, as opposed to testing what facts or information you know. Sample Questions Diagramming [30 Marks] Question 1 – 30 In this section there are a number of problems with flow charts (schematic diagrams) that illustrate the process by which each problem is solved. The solution to a problem is illustrated in its diagram by following the arro ws from cell to cell. Sample question 1: Customer purchases tickets Buy as family package? N Charge $10 Y 1 N Charge price with 20% discount 2 Y Get the number of persons in family Charge full price Problem and conditions A.A themepark has decided to charge their entrance fee by individual or family package. ? As individual, ticket will be sold at $10 per person ? As family, ticket will be sold at $8 per person B. There is also a difference in the fee based on the entry time into the park. ? Entry to theme park before noon will be charged at the full price ? Entry to theme park after noon will be charged the normal price with a 20% discount SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 2 of 7 Cell 1. A. Is the entry before noon? B. Is the entry after noon? C. Customer purchases individual ticketD. Customer purchases a family package E. Customer makes payment Answer: (A) Cell 2. A. Charge $10 per person B. Charge $10 with 20% discount per person C. Charg e $8 per person D. Customer makes payment E. Check the time of entry Answer: (C) Sample question 2: ADD 1 TO RESIDENCE COUNT SET RESIDENCE COUNT TO 0 HOUSEHOLD INCOME > $ 5,000 SET TYPE A COUNT TO 0 N Y 2 SET TYPE B COUNT TO 0 NUMBER OF CHILDREN > 2 N Y N Y SET TYPE C COUNT TO 0 1 HOUSING SIZE > 100 M2 4 N Y N 3 N Y Y N HOUSEHOLD INCOME > $ 3,000 N NUMBER OF CHILDREN > 4 Y Y Y ADD 1 TO TYPE A COUNT ADD 1 TO TYPE B COUNTN ADD 1 TO TYPE C COUNT 5 N IS TYPE B COUNT EQUALS 30 N IS TYPE C COUNT EQUALS 10 Y Y Y SUFFICIENT TYPE A RESIDENCES FOUND SUFFICIENT TYPE B RESIDENCES FOUND SUFFICIENT TYPE C RESIDENCES FOUND END OF PROBLEM END OF PROBLEM N END OF PROBLEM N IS RESIDENCE COUNT EQUALS 200? Y OBJECTIVE NOT MET END OF PROBLEM SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 3 of 7 Problem and conditions for Drawing 1 A. 200 Residences are randomly drawn from a pool of 5000 Residences. B. The objective is to get a group of residences of any Type (A, B or C) of a certain quantity. C.Acceptance Criteria for various types of residences are as follows: Variable Household Income Housing Size Number of Children Quantity Required Type A > $5,000 > 120 m2 >2 20 Type B > $4,000 > 100 m2 >1 30 Type C > $3,000 > 90 m2 >4 10 D. A residence can be classified as more than one Type. (ie a Residence could be Type A as well as Type C). However the selection criteria require the residence to be of a single type. An order of preference is therefore used to select the final type for such Residences. The order of preference is classified as follows: 1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type CIn other words, a residence having both Type A and C will be considered having a type of Type A. Cell 1 A. Household Income > $ 5,000? B. Household Income > $ 4,000? C. Household Income > $ 3,000? D. Residence is not Type A? E. Residence is not Type B? Answer: (B) Cell 2 A. Household Income > $ 5,000? B. Household Income > $ 4,000? C. Household Income > $ 3,000? D. Housing Size > 100 m2 ? E. Housing Size > 120 m2? Answer: (E) Cell 3 A. Housing Size > 80 m2? B. Housing Size > 90 m2? C. Housing Size > 100 m2? D. Household Income > $ 3,000? E. Household Income > $ 4,000?Answer: (B) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 4 of 7 Cell 4 A. Number of Children > 1? B. Number of Children equals 1? C. Number of Children > 2? D. Number of Children equals 2? E. Number of Children > 3? Answer: (A) Cell 5 A. Is Type A Count equals 10? B. Is Type B Count equals 20? C. Is Type C Count equals 30? D. Is Type A Count equals 20? E. Is Type B Count equals 30? Answer: (D) Reasoning [30 Marks] Question 31- 60 This is a test of your ability to reason and to express problems in a simple form using conventional mathematical symbols.The items in the test require you to read a problem and formulate an answer for it. Sample question 1: A new homeowner ordered an air-conditioning system which costs A dollars, six wardrobes which cost W dollars a piece, and a dozen beds which cost B dollars each. The total cost of the order is A. A + W + B B. AB + 6W C. A + 6W + 12B D. A + (W + B) / 2 E. A + (2W +B)6 Answer: (C) Sample question 2: S dollars are divided amongst 3 persons, so that the first person receives $20 less than the second person, and the second person receives $20 less than the third person. What does the last person receive? A. S – 60 B.S- 40 C. S/3 -20 D. S/3 +20 E. None of the above Answer: (D) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 5 of 7 Sample question 3: When a shipment of eggs was received, it was found that R eggs out of the total of P eggs were broken. Which of the following expressions indicates the percent of the eggs that were unbroken? A. R*100 / P B. P / R C. P/R *100 D. (P-R)*100 / P E. P + R Answer: (D) Sample question 4: In a box containing Z pens, S pens contain red lead and the rest contain blue lead. Which of the following expressions indicates the percent of the pe n containing blue lead? A. 100 (Z – S)] / Z B. 100 – (Z / S ) C. S / (Z – S) D. (Z – S) / (Z + S) E. 100S / (Z – S) Answer: (A) Number Ability [20 Marks] Question 61- 80 This test measures your ability to make rapid numerical calculations and estimates. Sample question 1: 123. 4 ? 1/10 (approximate) A. 1. 2 B. 12 C. 120 D. 1200 E. 12000 Answer: (D) Sample question 2: 40% of 645 (approximate) A. 230 B. 260 C. 25 D. 269 E. 250 Answer: (B) Sample question 3: 13. 5 + 49. 4 – 35. 2 A. 72. 20 B. 27. 70 C. 37. 20 D. 17. 40 E. 2. 77 Answer: (B) Sample question 4: 4/7 x 3. 90 A. 0. 222 SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems AnalysisPage 6 of 7 B. 22. 22 C. 2. 228 D. 222. 2 E. 2. 222 Answer: (C) Sample question 5: (36/9 + 16) / (5 x 5 – 20) A. 40 B. 0. 4 C. 0. 44 D. 44 E. 4 Answer: (E) English Language Ability [20 marks] Question 81 – 100 Read the following passage and answer the questions below. Oct 9, 2009 JewelF est still dazzles WITH recent signs that the economy is picking up, fair organisers and exhibitors are optimistic about sales at their events starting this weekend. The organiser of the seventh JewelFest, which opens today and runs until Oct 18, expects to see sales increase from last year's $10 million to $12 million this year.Some 36 exhibitors will showcase $120 million worth of gems at Ngee Ann City Civic Plaza, up from 33 exhibitors and $100 million worth of gems last year. A four-day car exhibition, the inaugural Asia AutoSalon 2009, opened yesterday at Singapore Expo. About 50,000 visitors are expected at the event, with sales of at least $1 million. It features more than 100 models from more than 50 exhibitors. Both organisers cited the improved economy as the reason for their bullish outlook. . — MY PAPER Sample question 1: â€Å"optimistic about sales† shows that A. the organisers and exhibitors have lack of confidenceB. the organisers and exhibitors are by n ature a group of cheerful people C. the organisers and exhibitors are full of confidence D. the organisers and exhibitors are expecting less people to the exhibitions E. the organisers and exhibitors are unhappy with their sales Answer: (C) Sample question 2: â€Å"cited the improved economy as the reason for their bullish outlook† can be best replaced by A. explained that their bullish outlook is due to the improved economy B. felt that their bullish outook is the reason for the improved economy C. indicated that the improved outlook is due to the good economy D. greed that good economy contributes to their bullish outlook E. presented that the economy has improved and that their outlook is bullish Answer: (A) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012 Graduate Diploma in Systems Analysis Page 7 of 7 Sample question 3: â€Å"up from 33 exhibitors and $100 million worth of gems last year† implies that A. last year there were more exhibitors than this year B. last year there wer e less exhibitors than this year C. last year there were more sales than this year D. last year there were more customers than this year E. last year there were more gems than this year Answer: (B) SA-DIP/ Aptitude Test Sample 2012

Health care provider Essay

Greg Wilson, a 65-year-old man, is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of congestive heart failure. His physician has ordered an antibiotic for the pneumonia and he takes digoxin every day. As the health care provider, which question would you ask first before administering his antibiotic? Why is the first dose of the antibiotic twice as much as the maintenance dose? Which variables may slow his metabolism and excretion? You should submit your initial response to each discussion question by Wednesday at 11:59 pm (MT) each week. You are also required to respond to a peer and/or their instructor on one other day of the week. LP2.1 Discussion: Medication Effects As a health care provider we must ask the right questions especially before administrating any medication. In the case study for Greg Wilson, the first and most important question his health care provider should ask is â€Å"have you ever had an allergic reaction to an antibiotic?† The reason for this question is imperative because it helps the provider to determine which antibiotic is best for him. If Greg Wilson has had a reaction before, the health care provider can avoid and more complications to Greg. Sometimes a provider will prescribe a prescription that will have instructions that instruct the patient to take two doses on the first dose, and after the first dose to take only one dose. This form of administrating medication is known as the loading dose. The loading dose is when a patient takes the initial dose that is often the maximum dose and then continues taking the medication using a smaller dosage. The reason for using this method is to quickly elevate the level o f the drug in the blood. The health care provider that is responsible for Greg Wilson’s prescription must also factor in other variables regarding the patient. The following variables must be known in order to administer the correct medication and dosage for it to be effective. * Age – as we get older our metabolism and excretions become slower, which can cause effects on how the medication is absorbed and excreted. * Weight – many drug doses depend on the weight of a patient. In most cases the heavier the patient the higher the dosage. * Gender – Men and women have different factors that cause them to respond differently to medication. Some factors are pregnancy, ratio of fat per body massdiffers in men and women, and hormone levels are also different in men and woman These factors are important because they all have some effect on how a patient’s body is going to react to the medication they were provided. The effectiveness and possible side effects of medication are all determined on many things, and it’s the health care provider’s responsibility to know a lot of important information about a pat ient in order to provide them the best care they can offer. Sources: Essentials of Pharmacology for Health Occupations, Sixth Edition

Financial Analysis write up on case provided Essay

Financial Analysis write up on case provided - Essay Example This can be due to the fact that Inventories, over the period of time has shown considerable increase hence necessitating the obtainment of external financing to fund the inventory purchase. Return on equity has greatly dipped as the company despite increasing its equity base has not been able to generate more return on its equity. From the strategic management point of view, the return on equity ratios are more critical since managers has the primary responsibility of creating value for its shareholders which company seem to have failed to achieve for the period under review. The corporate performance specially the return on the equity is a strong indicator to the investors in the capital market signaling the overall future direction of the company. This is also evident from the fact that the share price of the stock of the company has constantly dipped in the period under review and hit a low price of $62 in year 1962. Strategically dwindling confidence of the investors may not help achieve company its proposed objectives as it progresses in the future. A closer look at the gross margins earned by the company suggest that the core costs are well under the control of the company however over the period of time, its operating margins are decreasing showing the lack of control over the increase in the general and administrative overheads. Though organization seems to managing its assets in better way however this may also due to the fact of higher accumulated depreciation. Strategically the decreasing profitability of the company can be a difficult problem to handle with as the outside investors keep a very keen eye on the bottom lines of the organization’s income statements. However it must also be note that the return on the overall capital employed and Return on invested capital, both have shown an abnormal dip as mainly due to constant profitability. The almost constant level of profitability also suggest that

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Art is not something which stays stable but it evolves through time by being influence by everything. Technology is changing drastically over the years due to which art has successfully evolved into a whole new different vision. Now paintings are not just considered to be some creative and modernized images but are also created by the painters by taking the help of modern equipment and material. Though art has been there from the beginning as evidenced by the vestiges of the past but still the technology has made the use of new equipment possible and has provided it a whole new medium. The option of digital art allows people to work with images and colors and create masterpieces, without even having professional training. Other technological changes that have occurred in art during the last few decades include invention of colors spectrum, photography, computer manipulated photography, digital media, etc. (Souppouris, 2014). Graphic designing has become easier for the artists and can be carried out through Photoshop and illustrators, which has opened up a whole new realm for them for concentrating i.e. Web Design. It has also developed a great opportunity for the amateur designers as they do not have to learn much about manual typography and screen printing. Digital art such as ArtRage, Painter and Photoshop allows people to paint without even using an actual brush. In a way this technology improves the painting skills of the individual, as it is faster than working with oil, the painting can be easily discarded and this is much easier than using canvas (Pitt, 2012). American culture has always been the supporter of art even during the depression decade; the Washington State was seen as the home of the national art history, hosting some of the most creative and innovative musical, theatre and performing art (Zimmermann, 2013). For example it was during the darkest days of the great depression when

Tha Face Deal Book Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tha Face Deal Book - Research Paper Example Most of the financing Facebook Inc. was obtained as ventures. The ventures were given with an exchange of obtaining the rights of ownership of the company. Accel Partners invested $12.7 million at a valuation of about $100 million. They also invested in another transaction worth $27.5 million with the Greylock Partners. This investment earned them a valuation of $525 million. The Accel Partners and the Greylock Partners invested in this young company due to its promising market service. The company had grown so that it could serve millions of students around the campuses. The investment opportunity was to allow for its growth in the market. The Microsoft Corporation and the Digital Sky Technology raised their contribution in the form of equities.This financing was aimed at the elevation of the Facebook Inc., which was a young promising company. (Ferrera, 2012). The cumulative investment has seen the listing of Facebook as the most used social network over the years. This led to the e ventual filing for an IPO on February 2012 and started selling stock in May 2012. This tremendous growth can be credited to the investment that has overseen the financial credibility of the company. The investors had an aim of obtaining a valuation in the company through the acquisition of ownership rights of the company. The Microsoft Corporation invested to the company in order to obtain the 1.6% stock and to be allowed to advertise on the site. The Accel Partners requested a post of being a board member of the company thereof being central in running the company (Baloun, 2007). Therefore, the financing of the Facebook Company was a beneficial venture for both the company and the investors. Uses of the finances The Facebook Inc. started as a small company with very few employees. At that time, they only had 10 Employees.The Company had an aim of recruiting new employees to aid in the servicing of its clients. The event that was carried out and it drew about 700 people. The company was also experiencing losses that were spurring the possibility of being sold to Yahoo or other larger media groups. To fight this pressure, there was a need to allow investors to venture into the company financially. This acted as a source of capital for investing in the expansion plans beyond the old environment. The company added high school networks, international school networks and photos to the social networking pages (Sutherland, 2012). In order to obtain a valuation in the economy, the Microsoft Corporation invested $240 million for the 1.6% stake in the company. This enabled Facebook to spread and improve on their applications on the website. The company could get recognition in the corporate market with a high financial basis. Another project was the acquisition of the international headquarters in Dublin (Carver, 2012). The acquisition of other companies such as Connecticut was also another project that required a great deal of funding. This was after the settlement of the suit against Facebook. The funding from Microsoft, Accel, Greylock, and Digital Sky Technologies was instrumental towards the growth of this company to the point of obtaining an IPO. Current valuation The company has provided varied valuation standards in the current period. The increase in the target price of the stock before valuation is a major boost for this company. The company considers their revenue growth, the operating

How does music transform people and me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How does music transform people and me - Essay Example For instance, when a person who feels sad and hears a certain song he particularly likes, he could be emotionally affected depending on the kind of music. Love songs oftentimes remind people of love relationships and can relate to the music. However, not all people are simply attracted to music because of the lyrics or the rhythm of the song. There are other certain aspects in music wherein individuals are particularly attracted to. Some people love to listen to loud music and prefer rock and roll over melodious songs. On the other hand, there are those who consider rock music as noise because they prefer softer melodies and choose country and classical music or inspirational like gospel songs. Through my observations, I think music speaks more than words to the hearts and souls of people. The effects of music can be manifested by individuals stomping their feet, nodding their heads, shaking their bodies or seem to dance even while sitting, when they listen to music. This is perhaps the reason why it is called the language of the soul. It moves the soul and makes itself apparent through actions. Some claim that they are able to concentrate more in what they are doing when they listen to their favorite music and I agree with them because I feel the same way. Personally, I love to listen to instrumental jazz. I am very entertained by Kenny G. and the Caribbean Jazz Project. When I pay attention to their music, it is as if I am transported to another world where I can be dreamy. It gives me a whole new perception which brings out the musician in me. I can imagine myself with an instrument making my own music and playing along with the sounds that I hear. So many times, such instances make me inspired to continue with my music and desire even more to become a good musician in the near future. Music strengthens me to always keep my dreams on focus and be unafraid of the challenges I face in life. Whatever choice of music a person has, it could perhaps be said that

Self-organization in complex systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Self-organization in complex systems - Essay Example The changes in the business environment have constantly altered the ways companies do businesses nowadays. Because of the advancement of technology, environmental factors such as political, economic and the social landscape have been altered, which has caused a drastic shift in terms of the rules of the marketplace. Information Technology plays a huge role in this shift of trends in the market, especially the Internet. The Internet has created numerous possibilities in terms of interactions between many stakeholders of the company, most notably, the consumers. The Internet has enabled the consumers to interact with the company in many ways, making them the most important co-creator of value in the process. Gone are the days when consumers are just a passive group in the past to whom a company offers its products. With the interactivity of the Internet, consumers have been given ways to affect the value-creation in terms of the products that a company offers. Consumers also participat e actively in many areas of the value chain such as marketing, with the creation of online communities and greater networking being made possible by the Internet. This creates a shift in terms of the balance of power, where consumers are active determinants of value.

Network and Internet Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Network and Internet Security - Essay Example This technique ensures that there is only one key which will be used – that is a secret key. Asymmetric encryption (Public key encryption) - requires the use of a two keys where one is a private key and the other is a public key which is known to a number of people. With that, these two keys (public and private keys) are used interchangeable to encrypt and decrypt messages. Hybrid encryption (single key and public key) – this technique used both the symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. It is important to note that, modern systems have been designed to be dynamic in terms of the encryption technique (s) that they are using. As a result; they can use both the symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques interchangeably. Encryption by a shared secret: As the name suggests, two hosts can be in a position to exchange information through the use of a shared secret and/ or a secret key. This mechanism is characterised by the fact that the shared secret key is used to encrypt both the senders and the recipient’s messages. Based on that, this channel faces very high security risks since if the message is tapped or eavesdropped, the attacker can be in a position to use the shared secret key to either encrypt or decrypt the entire conversation. Based on that, data security is highly compromised. The other challenge faced with the shared secret key encryption is the fact that the higher the messages that are being sent on the communication channel by the hosts, their corresponding keys will also be increased. As a result, there will be too many keys being shared. Thirdly, due to the fact that it is a shared key, if the sender’s key is not known, decrypting the... Sessions keys are implemented using the following process description: If Host A, B and C want to communicate to each other; they have to set up an encrypted link among themselves. With that, if Host A wants to send an encrypted message to B and C, then A will have to provide its key that will be used by B and C in a bid to decrypt the ciphered message. This key exchange process requires the availability of a Key Distribution Centre (KDC) that is used to store the shared session keys. It is worthy to note that, this scheme totally depends on the KDC and if the KDC encounters any problems, then that will compromise on data security. With that stated, below are some of the challenges that may be faced by the KDC. First, if the KDC fails to store the session keys, then the hosts will not be in a position to encrypt and decrypt the messages. Secondly, if the number of keys grows then there is a need for a scalable KDC else it will fail to provide the keys. Thirdly, the KDC is not used fo r connection fewer protocols. Fourth, transporting the keys physically can be tedious. The above encryption techniques can be used in the following protocols and/ or products: Kerberos V4, Kerberos V5 and Secure Socket Layer (SSL). Kerberos is a network authentication protocol that is used in a bid to provide security for both the client and the server through the use of the secret-key cryptography. Kerberos also depends entirely on the KDC so as to ensure secure communication between the hosts.

Diary of an Individual (in Mesopotamia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Diary of an Individual (in Mesopotamia) - Essay Example As Knights, they were highly skilled in warfare, trained in their bodies to be ready for battle at any moment day or night, trained in their wills to selfless subordination and cooperation. With the grace of God, I arrived at a Templar’s Priory safe and without any difficulties along the way. Perhaps, it is really the will of God, that I should serve his crusade to protect the Holy Land from the infidels who makes false claims about their faith. I am just waiting for my investiture, which I have heard so much about but none really has seen, and from then on, I shall be at the disposal of God’s Will. I thank you for bringing me out in this world and taking care of me to be the man that I am today. I know that it worries you so much for me to join this Holy Crusade. But God has purpose for every one of us, and mine is to serve Him and to protect the Faith. Please don’t feel bad as this service will surely earn His Grace and will absolve our sins. If man has to do p enance for, it would be better to do it for his service of His crusade. I promise you I will be safe. Please do not worry, God is on my side and He will protect me. Whatever that will happen to me will be according to His Will. For I leave everything to him now, from everything that I own to my own life. For there is no greater glory in this life than to serve the purpose of God. Your beloved son. Dear Camilla, I am writing to you in excitement and in pain. I am excited. Any moment now, I will be dubbed as a Knight and will be joining the ranks of men who serve the Glory of God.... I am excited because any moment now, I will be dubbed as a Knight and will be joining the illustrious ranks of men who serve the Glory of God. I cannot tell you enough how happy I am to be in this Priory. Just this morning, I made my prayer to the Almighty bidding you good health and happiness. I already made the necessary preparations of cleansing my soul to be ready to receive the glory of God. From then on, I shall be forbidden to cleanse my physical body for what would matter after that would be the purity of my soul. I love you. I cherish the moments we had and every time I feel lonesome, I just say my prayers and think about you. And all of my worries are gone. But I have to take a code that I am not to covet any earthly possession and woman for I will serve solely God’s Will. I will be sworn to poverty, obedience and chastity. And to that, in as much as my heart bleeds, I know that God has a purpose for both of us. I thank your love, and I have not loved any woman as mu ch as I have loved you. But my calling demands that I have to release you from your engagement to me. For I will become a monk, who will serve only but God. It pains me to release you for I loved you, but I know that in time, this pain will be healed by his Grace. I bid you happiness and health. And may you find a man who will love and cherish you as much as I do. And have a family which I cannot provide. I am breaking up not because of the lack of love, but because of a greater love. Love that encompasseth all things to join a crusade to protect the Faith. Your beloved Letter 3 (letter to a friend) Dear Faust, I am sorry I was not able to say my final bidding when I left. It came to me that you were looking for me and quite worried for me. Please worry not for I am safe and in the Grace of

Comparison of Heterosexual-Parents and Homosexual-Parents Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Heterosexual-Parents and Homosexual-Parents Essay Most people have an automatic belief that a child who is raised by heterosexual-parents is better off than a child who is raised by homosexual-parents. The belief held by most people may make the task seem more socially acceptable. However, there is no law against it, nor is it written in stone that a child should not be raised by homosexual-parents. Furthermore, with the same amount of love, structure, effort, and stability homosexual-parents can be equally as nurturing to a child. The ideal family has always consisted of having two parents which consist of a male and a female. Nevertheless, having parents of the opposite sex does not mean a child with homosexual-parents cannot get the same adequate amount of love. A child with homosexual-parents has two parents who work and take care of them also. Both heterosexual-parents and homosexual-parents can and do show the same amount of love by spending time with the child, talking to the child, working to provide for the child, and showing the child affection. Homes with heterosexual-parents may seem to have more structure and balance because they do not appear to have to deal with any outside negativity. Negativity can result from a number of things such as race and social status, not just the marital status of the parents. Nevertheless, both a home usually has one or more parents who works and provides for the family and there is typically one parent who devotes a lot of time and energy in focusing on the family, especially on the child. Both types of parents can have rules which have to be obeyed, household chores which have to be done, and family time which is a must for raising a well-developed child in today’s society. Therefore, if heterosexual and homosexual parents disregard whatever outside negativity they may encounter and focus on the family and focus on what is important there will be the same amount of structure and balance to a child with either type of parents. Everything in life that a person believes is worthwhile takes effort and time. Parents have to put forth great effort and huge amounts of time in raising a child, especially if a parent wants a well-rounded, well-mannered, happy, smart, and what they believe to be a perfect child. Both heterosexual and homosexual parents can work towards achieving the ultimate goal of raising a perfect child. However, even though at times it may appear to be an easier challenge for heterosexual -parents, it does not mean the same goal cannot be achieved by homosexual-parents. For the sake of the child both types of parents must put forth a worthwhile effort and spend time focusing on what is best for the child. Society, as a whole, automatically has a preconceived idea that heterosexual-parents create a more stable environment for a child. However, the preconceived idea of society does not mean homosexual-parents cannot create a stable environment for a child. The two different types of parents must ensure stability for a child. Stability enables a child to focus on academic achievements and being a well-behaved child who has a stable home life does not seem to get themselves into as much trouble when compared to a child without a stable home environment. In other words, it does not matter if the child has heterosexual-parents or parents who are homosexual, stability, love, structure, and effort plays a major role in the proper development of a child.

College vs. High School Essay Example for Free

College vs. High School Essay High-quality education is a significant part of everyday life. To accomplish that education, most people went through a transition from high school to college, two major milestones in most people’s lives. There are many differences between these two institutions. Some students may adapt and transit from the life of high school to the life of college without much difficulty, while others may take years to grasp the differences and cope with it. High school and colleges are both made to educate, but with differences in terms of classes, responsibility, and social life. One of the main differences between college and high school is the classes in general. In high school students attend class for six hours every day for five days. Information is provided mostly through classroom discussion and reading that is assigned. Assignments in high school are usually broken down into a step-by-step task. Quizzes are usually given on a weekly basis, and tests come up at the end of every chapter. College, on the other hand, consists of twelve to eighteen hour school weeks and the classes are split in to semesters. There is more writing with longer papers and essays, a lot of out-of-class research that is usually done in the library on the students’ own time, and few to no assignments given in class. Compared to high school, there are few quizzes in college and only about one test a month that covers much more material. The level of responsibility is a big difference between high school and college. In high school teachers monitor the students’ progress and are likely to offer clarification when to them when it is needed. They also take attendance every day, check students’ work constantly, and briefly lecture while highlighting the main points. In college professors lecture and expect the students to acquire knowledge and facts from outside reading and library research. The students must also monitor their own progress and ask for clarification if needed. Out of the classroom responsibility is also very distinguishable. Some students come from a home where their parents do a lot of things for them such as laundry, cooking, and making sure they make it to school. In college it is all up to the students to do all of these tasks themselves. The social life between high school and college students has a noticeable difference. Parents can control or have a big say in what their kid is doing in and out of school. They can make their kids be involved in different activities such as sports, clubs, and plays. They can also have a big influence on who their children hang out with, and can restrict the hours in which they do hang out with those friends. This can be a good and bad thing. When parents don’t let their kids learn from their own mistakes they may repeat them later on in life when their parents aren’t there to help them back up. College is a completely different story. It all becomes the kids choice, what they want to be involved in, who they what to hang out with, and when they want to hangout. Making these choices can also be very stressful for students resulting in bad judgment. Although there are many differences between high school and college there are also some similarities. Grades are very important in both high school and college because they reflect the student’s future whether it’s for the career they are pursuing or the college they would like to get accepted to. In high school and college the main objective is to learn and become more knowledgeable to help prepare students for the big world ahead of them. The courses taken in college are very similar to those in high school, just more advanced. They have a similar structure in the way they teach. They both have teachers, textbooks, tests, some sort of homework, and of course the dreaded final exams. Throughout the entire course the teachers are preparing the students for the final exam so they can move on to a more advanced class. A lot of the basic rules in high school and college tend to be the same. Athletics plays a big role in both high school and college. Schools depend on sporting events to bring in additional money. Every step of education from kindergarten to college has the same goal in mind, to teach their students how to play a productive role in society. Learning how to read and write in elementary school, and improving it in middle and high school makes it possible for college student to write fluent essays, and read and understand chemistry and literature books. If the students are able to understand it all, pass the classes, and earn a degree, they can now get a job and become a productive member of society. Even though high school and college may have many differences, they are very closely connected and are major milestones in most people’s lives.

Assessment of the Operation Performance Objectives

Assessment of the Operation Performance Objectives A company should be concerned to satisfy its customers requirements for fast and dependable services at reasonable price, as well as helping its own suppliers to improve services they offer.   There are five basic performance objectives and they apply to all types of operation: Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Flow of flowers in VBA Operations and Critical Points It starts from the sellers section, here the flowers are received and kept in cold storage area and it moved to auction. Next it moves to the buyers section, the area for preparing and packing flowers for shipment. They pack the flowers and moved for to the auction area. With lot of manpower they handle the flowers and plants for packing and moving to the auction area. Once they reached the auction area, flowers are brought into standard container. They packed each flower with a reference number. Then flowers are arranged by its category and placed into different halls for auction. Once the auction done by the buyers for the flowers, lots are distributed on the trolleys to the appropriate packing and loading Ares. Critical Point in this Flow After moving flowers from the sellers section to the buyers sections, and moved from the auction area to the destination, it is critical to preserve the freshness of the flower. Another important critical to take care of the bidding price and flower. The first bidder to press desk operation stops the clock and become buyer of the lot. VBA have to take care of two or more bidder pressed desk operation at the same time. Scientific Management relates to Modern Job Method Design To avoid manual things which lead to error, it is resulted in information processing technology. Job Method Design is used in VBA with its useful features such as task simplification, automation, specialized tools and procedures. This approach stems from the scientific management school of thought, time and motion study and work simplification and specialization. Its primary scientific basis is classic industrial engineering. Jobs high in mechanistic features can be staffed by almost anyone and training time is typically very short. Because mental demands are minimal, stress and overload are unlikely. Errors are less common because mistakes are less likely to occur. Measuring Performance Performance in VBA can be measured based on each Performance Objectives. Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Doing things right by providing error free goods and services, which will satisfy the customers, is known as quality. VBA operations have to export their flowers to be perishable and so they made the quality inspection by VBA staff and kept in cool storage place. Performance objective speed means doing fast, it means to minimize the time between the order and the availability of the product or service that gives the customer speed advantage.VBA are focused operations to reduce difficulty by having ten thousand people to work at the center to handle seventeen million flowers and two million plants by their information processing technology. To do the things in time for customers to receive their goods or services when they are promised this performance objective known as dependability. In VBA everything tiered to the auction computer so that each buyer can have uninterrupted view of the flower and price. A clear result of responding to a dynamic environment is that organization change their products and services and changes the way they do business.   This performance objective is known as flexibility. The whole bidding process by VBA including processing time takes only a few seconds and the lots are distributed on the trolleys to the appropriate packing and loading Ares. Companies compete with prices is cost.   Low price is a universal attractive objective to customers, which can be achieved by producing goods at lower costs. In order to do things cheaply. The high level of computerization and automation of material flow allow VBA to operate with low cost at high speed and dependability. Business Process Engineering fits into the Improvement Activity The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed encompasses the envisioning of new work strategies, the actual process design activity, and the implementation of the change in all its complex technological, human, and organizational dimensions. BPR, if implemented properly, can give huge returns. BPR has helped giants like Procter and Gamble Corporation and General Motors Corporation succeed after financial drawbacks due to competition. It helped American Airlines somewhat get back on track from the bad debt that is currently haunting their business practice. BPR is about the proper method of implementation Example General Motors Corporation General Motors Corporation implemented a 3-year plan to consolidate their multiple desktop systems into one. It is known internally as Consistent Office Environment (Booker, 1994). This reengineering process involved replacing the numerous brands of desktop systems, network operating systems and application development tools into a more manageable number of vendors and technology platforms. According to Donald G. Hedeen, director of desktops and deployment at GM and manager of the upgrade program, he says that the process lays the foundation for the implementation of a common business communication strategy across General Motors. [12] Lotus Development Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Development Company, formerly Compaq Computer Corporation, received the single largest non-government sales ever from General Motors Corporation. GM also planned to use Novell NetWare as a security client, Microsoft Office and Hewlett-Packard printers. According to Donald G. Hedeen, this saved GM 10% to 25% on support costs, 3% to 5% on hardware, 40% to 60% on software licensing fees, and increased efficiency by overcoming incompatibility issues by using just one platform across the entire company Cause of failures and Prevention Corporate failure models can be broadly divided into two groups: quantitative models, which are based largely on published financial information; and qualitative models, which are based on an internal assessment of the company concerned. Both types attempt to identify characteristics, whether financial or non-financial, which can then be used to distinguish between surviving and failing companies. Quantitative models identify financial ratios with values which differ markedly between surviving and failing companies, and which can subsequently be used to identify companies which exhibit the features of previously failing companies. Commonly-accepted financial indicators of impending failure include: low profitability related to assets and commitments low equity returns, both dividend and capital poor liquidity high gearing high variability of income. Many other lists of symptoms of failure exist. For example, there is a list of 65 reasons on the UK Insolvency website which include:1 Failure to focus on a specific market because of poor research.2 Failure to control cash by carrying too much stock, paying suppliers too promptly, and allowing customers too long to pay.3 Failure to control costs ruthlessly.4 Failure to adapt your product to meet customer needs.5 Failure to carry out decent market research.6 Failure to build a team that is compatible and has the skills to finance, produce, sell, and market. Failure to pay taxes (insurances and VAT).8 Failure of businesses need to grow. Merely attempting stability or having even less ambitious objectives, businesses which did not try to grow didnt survive http://www.accaglobal.com/pubs/students/publications/student_accountant/archive/sa_jj08_mpogue.pdf. Changes affecting customer services, efficiencies in operations and improvement in stakeholder value PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SPECIALISTS What is so difficult with the split between production and distribution specialists? It is to accommodate the variety of business situations likely to happen. There is no standard way to cooperate between a financial services producer and a distributor and there will not be any before long due to the fragmentation of the banking industry. It means that each couple of partners to- be will have to find and negotiate its own answers reflecting the power relationship as well as both specific strategies to the basic questions: Under what brand and what packaging are the services sold to the end customer? How are determined the service prices? Who does prepare, print and send the invoices? What are the roles vis-à  -vis the contract? Who does sign? Who does endorse the commitments to the customer? To the legal obligations? Who does carry the risks a priori? A posteriori? Who does manage the disputes, claims, litigations? Who does book the accounts? Who does manage the reporting to the regulators? Who may access and use the clients information files? How is organized the after sales service to clients? Who is accountable for the reporting to the clients? How are designed the processes to combine the client orientation with the product expertise? What are the incentives pushing both parties to enhance the global performanc e? The security? The IT efficiency? How are determined the earnings of both parties? In order to get the best result out of this discussion, a bank will have to be as flexible as possible in its ability to accommodate a variety of interactions with its partners IS. Let us take some examples. In the case of a brokerage partnership (where the bank does not play an important role in the contract management after the sale) as many banks have built for instance with insurance companies: The production specialist (e.g. insurance) will supply high level services: a full portal or at least application services supporting complete processes (salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) to be integrated in the portal of the distribution specialist, Conversely, the distribution specialist will supply lower level services such as objects (addressesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) or data flows (contracts inputs). In the case of a outsourcing partnership (where the production specialist is more an outsourcer of data processing and back-office processes) as many banks have built for instance with joint ventures set up as shared service providers with competitors: The production specialist will rather supply functional services (scoring, etc.) to be orchestrated within the processes of the distribution specialist, access to simple objects (pending orders, etc.) or even data flows (reporting), The distribution specialist will supply higher level functions than in the first case (pricing decision, risk analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). A Capacity planning Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demands for its products.[1] In the context of capacity planning, capacity is the maximum amount of work that an organization is capable of completing in a given period of time. the phrase is also used in business computing as a synonym for Capacity Management A discrepancy between the capacity of an organization and the demands of its customers results in inefficiency, either in under-utilized resources or unfulfilled customers. The goal of capacity planning is to minimize this discrepancy. Demand for an organizations capacity varies based on changes in production output, such as increasing or decreasing the production quantity of an existing product, or producing new products. Better utilization of existing capacity can be accomplished through improvements in overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Capacity can be increased through introducing new techniques, equipment and materials, increasing the number of workers or machines, increasing the number of shifts, or acquiring `additional production facility ies. Capacity is calculated: (number of machines or workers) ÃÆ'- (number of shifts) ÃÆ'- (utilization) ÃÆ'- (efficiency). The broad classes of capacity planning are lead strategy, lag strategy, and match strategy. Capacity planning is long-term decision that establishes a firms overall level of resources. It extends over time horizon long enough to obtain resources. Capacity decisions affect the production lead time, customer responsiveness, operating cost and company ability to compete. Inadequate capacity planning can lead to the loss of the customer and business. Excess capacity can drain the companys resources and prevent investments into more lucrative ventures. The question of when capacity should be increased and by how much are the critical decisions. Capacity planning and control is an issue which every operation is faced with. Furthermore it is an activity which can profoundly affect the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. Capacity planning and control is concerned with making sure there is some kind of balance between the demand placed on an operation and its ability to satisfy that demand. If an operation has too much capacity at any point in time it will be underutilizing it resources, paying out for machinery and facilities and often paying its staff but, because demand is lower than capacity, its costs are spread over two few customers. Therefore its costs per customer will be high. If it has too little capacity, its costs will be low (because its facilities will be fully utilized) but its customer service will be poor because it is either turning customers away or making them wait for their products and services. This will potentially undermine the companys success in the future. Therefore there are serious cons equences of getting the balance between demand and capacity wrong B (Antti Tenhià ¤là ¤, 2008)The different planning methods are by no means mutually exclusive (Meal, 1984). However, a concept called bottom-up re-planning helps to define the main method of capacity planning (Fransoo Wiers, forthcoming; Vollmann et al., 2005). It is the method that is used to ensure the feasibility of master production schedules. The variance in the sophistication of the main methods is interesting because the more advanced methods specifically aim to improve operational per-formance by reducing errors in planning. Some studies, which have focused on non-systematic methods, RCCP, and CRP, have provided preliminary evidence of the more advanced methods benefits (Sheu Wacker, 2001; Wacker Sheu, 2006). Including the finite loading techniques in the comparisons is important because a lot of efforts have been put in their development during the last two decades (Kouvelis et al., 2005). The use of progressive methods would be well justified if there was evidence on the relationship between the accuracy of the planning methods and performance. Hence, the following hypothesis is formulated: 8 Globalization refers to the process of integration across societies and economies. The phenomenon encompasses the flow of products, services, labor, finance, information, and ideas moving across national borders. The frequency and intensity of the flows relate to the upward or downward direction of globalization as a trend. Business operations are those ongoing recurring activities involved in the running of a business for the purpose of producing value for the stakeholders. They are contrasted with project management, and consist of business processes. The outcome of business operations is the harvesting of value from assets owned by a business. Assets can be either physical or intangible. An example of value derived from a physical asset like a building is rent. An example of value derived from an intangible asset like an idea is a royalty. The effort involved in harvesting this value is what constitutes business operations. Business operations encompasses three fundamental management imperatives that collectively aim to maximize value harvested from business assets (this has often been referred to as sweating the assets): Generate recurring income. Increase the value of the business assets. Secure the income and value of the business. All three imperatives are mutually dependent. The following basic tenets illustrate this interdependency: The more recurring income an asset generates, the more valuable it becomes. For example, the products that sell at the highest volumes and prices are usually considered to be the most valuable products in a businesss product portfolio. The more valuable a product becomes the more recurring income it generates. For example, a luxury car can be leased out at a higher rate than a normal car. The intrinsic value and income-generating potential of an asset cannot be realized without a way to secure it. For example, petroleum deposits are worthless unless processes and equipment are developed and employed to extract, refine, and distribute it profitably. Globalization has a huge impact on business operations The extent of globalization unfolds in an uneven fashion to the degree that the question is raised whether international trade is more focused on regional rather than global integration. Trading blocs, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (EU), the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC), Mercosur (South American trading bloc), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the East Africa Community (EAC), support regional cooperation between geographical neighbors. Georgios Chortareas and Theodore Pelagidis research findings on openness and convergence in international trade indicate that intra-regional trade increased more than global trade in most situations. They stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ despite the positive international climate resulting from important reductions in transportation costs, the development of new technologies and trade liberalization markets continue to be determined, to a large extent, regionally and nationallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Within NAFTA, intra-regional exports rose from 34 percent in the 1980s to more than 56 percent in 2000; exports between Asian country members amounted to 48 percent in 2000; and exports within the EU were sustained at about 62 percent. An example of limitations to fair market access for developing countries is that developed countries subsidize agricultural producers with about $330 billion per year, which creates a significant disadvantage for poorer economies without such subsidies. The impact is exacerbated because 70 percent of the worlds poor population lives in rural communities and depends heavily on agriculture. Hence, one of the concerns with uneven distribution of globalization is its impact on poorer economies by perpetuating systems of inequality.

Literary Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay -- Pride

Literary Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Pride and Prejudice, is a romantic comedy, by Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice is a story about an unlikely pair who go through many obstacles before finally coming together. Pride is the opinion of oneself and prejudice is how one person feels others perceive them. The novel, Pride and Prejudice, uses plot, the characters of Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy and Miss Elizabeth Bennet, and the status of women and social standing, to portray the theme of the novel - pride and prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plot of the novel follows traditional plot guidelines; although there are many small conflicts, there is one central conflict that sets the scene for the novel. The novel is about an embarrassing; mismatched couple and their five daughters. The novel begins with Mrs. Bennet, telling her daughters of the importance of marrying well. During this time a wealthy man, Charles Bingley, moves close to Netherfield, where the Bennets’ reside. The Bennet girls struggle to capture his attention, and Jane, who judges no one, is the daughter who manages to win his heart, until Mr. Bingley abruptly leaves town. Mr. Bingley is often accompanied by Fitzwilliam Darcy, who is a very proud man. Elizabeth Bennet, who is proud of herself, and Mr. Darcy are not fond of one another from the start, these two characters pose the central conflict in the novel. As the novel progresses, Elizabeth receives a marriage proposal from her cousin, Mr. Collins, and turns him down. Mr. Co llins then proposes to Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s bestfriend, who accepts. Elizabeth then leaves home to stay with, the Collins’ who live near Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Mr. Darcy’s aunt. While this is going on, Mr. Darcy realizes he has feelings for Elizabeth and proposes to her, this is the climax of the novel. She is astonished by his actions, and turns him flat down. She explains that she feels he is arrogant, and feels he stood in the way of Jane and Mr. Bingley marrying, and also feels he is a cruel man, especially in his treating of Mr. Wickham, she is expressing her prejudice towards him. He leaves and they part very angry with each other. Mr. Darcy then writes Elizabeth a letter, explaining his feelings, defending his actions, and reveling the true nature of Mr. Wickham. During this time Elizabeth returns home still baffled about the letter Mr.... ...udice in the social ladder. The Bennet family, although wealthy, was looked down upon, is relation to their social status. They were seen as low on the social ladder, because they had "new money." Lady Catherine, is another example of pride and prejudice displayed through social status, "Now and then they were honoured with a call from her ladyship, and nothing escaped her observation†¦" Lady Catherine noticed flaws in everyone and used her position and title of "Lady" to rise above everyone and make herself seem superior to them. Her position gives her pride and she flaunts it in a negative way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many examples throughout the novel, to support the running theme, and title of the novel, Pride and Prejudice. Pride in not always a good thing, it can lead to arrogance and contempt very quickly. Prejudice is not necessarily a bad thing either, and is never unavoidable, sometimes disliking a person and not being friends with them works out to an advantage. Jane Austen dramatized the theme of pride and prejudice, through plot, her main characters, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet, and demonstrated how the status of women and social status can lead to pride and prejudice.

The Parliament :: essays research papers

The Parliament was an elected organization set up by the king to manage the country to save the King the effort. Although officially ruled by the King, Parliament was increasing it’s power so rapidly that by the 1600s it could no longer be relied on to do what the King wanted. King Charles 1st came into conflict with his Parliament in 1629 when he ordered Parliament to raise taxes and it refused. His response was to abolish Parliament and he ruled Parliament on his own for 11 years. However, the people didn’t support him and he ran short of money so he had to reinstate Parliament in 1640. However, conflict broke out again in 1642 when Charles tried to have 5 members of Parliament arrested who had been actively disagreeing with his policies. The MPs fled into the back of the streets of London but when the King went after them, the citizens expelled him angrily from their city. This was a direct violation by the people of the supreme power of the King and marked the beginning of the English Civil War. Those English who supported the King (the Cavaliers) had support in north England and Wales and the parliamentarians (Roundheads) had support in the rest of England. Despite the fairly even start, however, the Cavaliers were fought back and in 1646 the Roundheads forced the King to surrender. However, at the cease fire negotiations Charles would not agree to the Roundhead terms and after a stalemate the war erupted again in 1648. Once again the Cavaliers were defeated but this time he Roundheads did not accept a surrender and instead captured the and executed Charles in 1649. England now had no King. For the next 11 years was a Republic. It was ruled from 1633 to 1658 by a general named Oliver Cromwell, who was a fundamental Protestant but an extremely cruel man. He was given the title ‘Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England’, but he had been active in Ireland long before he undertook that role. In 1641, just before the Civil War, the Irish of Ulster had begun an uprising and attacked the planters who had settled 30 years before. Between 10,000 and 15,000 Protestant planters were murdered by the Irish at places such as Portadown. Due to the war, the English did nothing about this and the death-toll became heavily exaggerated over time. In 1649, after the Civil War had ended, Cromwell landed at Dublin with 12,000 men with the intention of punishing those who had uprisen. He first attacked Drogheda and captured it, slaughtering over 3000 people. He then marched on Wexford town and massacred several hundred people there.

Nikola Tesla Essay -- essays papers

Nikola Tesla My great grandmother was born on September 30, 1895 in Strum, Wisconsin, and used to tell us the most important invention for the home, in her lifetime, was the clothes washing machine. Now history always seems to make the present era seem more civilized, when in fact, it is probably only cleaner, thanks to my grandmother's favorite invention. But, I wonder if it is easier. Certainly, there were many patents issued in the 1880's for inventions that truly would change the lives of future generations, and a handful of these amazing contrivances would have a great impact on that which is truly important to an industrialized nation: the machinery that speeds business, business being the true backbone of a country, but to a country girl whose family depended on farming, the clothes washing machine still stands out as the one that saved her the most time. So this essay will delve into the era of the 1880's and focus on one of the most important inventors that ever lived, Nikola Tesla. Many business machines were patented before Nikola Tesla patented the alternating-current "electromagnetic motor" in 1888 (while the popular Thomas Edison was stubbornly clinging to direct-current motors), but soon more and more inventors were realizing this new source of harnessed power could bring glorious miracles to business, thus providing them with even more glorious profits. But first, the washing machine, truly in honor of my great grandmother, who will be 105 years old this year. Before the days of washing machines, people got dirt out of their clothes by pounding them on rocks and washing the dirt away in streams. Sand was used as an abrasive to free the dirt. Soap was discovered at Rome's Sapo Hill where ashes containing the fat of sacrificial animals were found to have good cleaning powers. The earliest washing "machine" - the scrub board - was invented in 1797. In 1874 William Blackstone, a Bluffton, Indiana merchant and manufacturer of corn planters, built a birthday present for his wife. It was a machine that removed and washed away dirt from clothes. It consisted of a wooden tub in which there was a flat piece of wood containing six small wooden pegs. The inner mechanism looked something like a small milking stool. It was moved back and forth by means of a handle and an arrangement of gears. Dirty clothes were snagged on the wooden pegs an... ...ed to place his untested theories into countless notebooks. The man who invented the modern world died nearly penniless at age 86 on January 7, 1943. More than two thousand people attended his funeral. In his lifetime, Tesla received over 800 different patents. He probably would have exceeded Edison's record number if he wasn't always broke - he could afford very few patent applications during the last thirty years of his life. Unlike Edison, Tesla was an original thinker whose ideas typically had no precedent in science. Unfortunately, the world does not financially reward people of Tesla's originality. We only award those that take these concepts and turn them into a refined, useful product. Bibliography: Cheney, Margaret, Tesla: Man Out of Time (Dell Publishing, 1981) Tesla, N., Electrical Experiment (1919) Tesla, N., The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla (unknown publishing date or place used) Book actually red on web page:www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~biodam/tesla/tesla.pdf www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdam/tesla/bio.thm www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdam/tesla/chicago.htm www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~bogdam//tesla/niagara.htm www.neuronet.pitt.edu/~biodam/tesla/tesla.pdf

Organizational Focus and Goals Essay

What is the organization’s current focus? What are the organization’s overarching goals? The current focus of Blue Cross Blue Shields is to provide the best quality insurance to their members. Also, it is time for an open enrollment period for their current members, or trying to get new members to come to Blue Cross Blue Shields. The organizations overarching goals are to provide its members with the lowest premium cost, but providing the most insurance coverage for the least amount. What are the organization’s training needs? How do they relate to the overarching goals? The training needs of the organization lies solely on the type of job each associate. The needs of the organization will be the focus of how the associates will train. During this time, associates will learn how to provide the best member care, and to ensure their members are happy and have the coverage he or she requested. The relation to the overarching goals of Blue Cross Blue Shields is providing the best quality insurance for their members, new members, and provides the best quality customer service. What effect does the organization’s focus and goals have on prioritizing the type and amount of training? The effect is directly associated with the needs and focus of the organization. The employees are directed by training with specific guidelines, and individual one on one communication to answer any questions. Employees will have the option to take upcoming classes to assist with member needs and the workers current job. Introduction For this assignment there is information regarding organizational focus and goals. The organization discussed is about Blue Cross Blue Shields. An organization as large as this needs to ensure all goals and focus are prioritized accurately. Also, this paper discusses the training needs of Blue Cross Blue Shields. Listed in paper are the topics of how Blue Cross Blue Shields prioritizes their focus. â€Å"Blue Cross Blue Shields has more than 105 million members-1-3- Americans rely on Blue Cross Blue Shield companies for access to safe, quality, and affordable healthcare (Blue Cross, 2014).† How would you prioritize specific training needs based on the organization’s needs and current focus? Depending on the present situation of the company, the current focus of training will be specifically related to the needs. Focus and needs of the members needs to be top of the list, and making sure employees are properly trained to assist those needs. Setting up monthly meetings with employees to ensure the focus of its members, and there needs get met. Why must you consider the organization’s overarching goals when prioritizing training? In order for an organization to continue to be a success, it is crucial that overarching goals, and member’s needs get met. The better the care of its member’s the more he, or she is willing to stay with Blue Cross Blue Shields, and new members will follow. Everyone wants to ensure his or her insurance needs get met, and are not paying for an excessive amount for coverage. The most important aspect of Blue Cross Blue Shields is to ensure their members are happy, and provided the best customer care to fulfill their needs. Conclusion Every organization has there own way of how their focus and goals are prioritized. Blue Cross Blue Shields remains focused on giving the proper training to their employees, to better serve their members. It is important for Blue Cross Blue Shields to stay focused, as well as meet their own goals while providing proper care to their members. With all this in mind the proper steps taken can improve training employees and member care. References Questions Courtesy of University of Phoenix. (2014). Organizational Goals and Focus. Blue Cross Blue Shield Association. (2014). Retrieved from http://www. About Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.

Benefits of Exercise

We've all heard it before, â€Å"Exercise is good for you because†¦. † Nowadays you can't check out at the grocery store or do much of anything without being reminded that we mortal humans need to exercise. Still, we persist, procrastinate and eventually complain that we're overweight, sick, dying, etc. Listen. Some exercise is better than none, more exercise is generally better than less, and no exercise can be disastrous. No one is asking for you to start a rigorous daily regimen,  just do something.If you need motivation, here is a list of scientifically proven health benefits that regular exercise brings. Longevity. People who are physically active live longer. According to a 20 year follow-up  study,  regular exercise reduces the risk of dying prematurely. New brain cell development, improved cognition and memory. Exercise stimulates the formation of new brain cells. Researchers found  that the areas of the brain that are stimulated through exercise are respo nsible for memory and learning.For instance, older adults who engage in regular physical activity have better performances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and problem solving. Exercise is a powerful antidepressant. Study  after  study  has shown that exercise promotes mental health and reduces  symptoms of depression. The antidepressant effect of regular physical exercise is comparable to the potent antidepressants like Zoloft. It may take at least 30 minutes of exercise a day for at least three to five days a week to significantly improve  symptoms of depression.Cardiovascular health. Lack of physical activity is one of the major risk factors for  cardiovascular diseases. Regular exercising makes your heart, like any other muscle, stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. Cholesterol lowering effect. Exercise itself does not burn off cholesterol like it does with fat, however, exercise favorably  blood cholesterol levels by dec reasing LDL (bad) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol and increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. Prevention and control of diabetes.There is strong evidence from high quality studies (e. g. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study) that moderate physical activity combined with weight loss and balanced diet can confer a 50-60% reduction in risk of developing diabetes. Blood pressure lowering. The way in which exercise can cause a reduction in blood pressure is unclear, but all forms of exercise seem to be effective in  reducing blood pressure. Aerobic exercise appears to have a slightly greater effect on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals than in individuals without hypertension.Reduced  risk of stroke. Research data  indicates that moderate and high levels of physical activity may reduce the risk of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes. Weight control. Regular exercise helps to reach and maintain a healthy weight. If you take in more calories than needed in a day , exercise offsets a caloric overload and controls body weight. It speeds the rate of energy use, resulting in increased metabolism. When metabolism increases through exercise, you will maintain the faster rate for longer periods of a day.Muscle strength. Health  studies  repeatedly show that strength training increases muscle strength and mass and decreases fat tissue. Bone strength. An active lifestyle benefits bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercise promotes bone formation, delays bone loss and may protect against  osteoporosis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ form of bone loss associated with aging. Better night sleep. If you suffer from poor sleep, daily exercise can make the difference. The natural dip in body temperature five to six hours after exercise may help to fall asleep.

Madina Lake are an American rock/alternative band formed in Chicago in 2005

In this photo, Madina Lake has some very dark, murky colours in the background. Around the edge of the backdrop, it is entirely black. Black connotes that they have a lot of power and aggression in their singing since it is a very dominant colour. Also, it conveys a very sinister mood of sadness and unhappiness. So the colour of black already illustrates the personality of the whole band and what their music is about: powerful and aggressive music and their lyrics are sad and unhappy. As you focus into the centre of the backdrop, the colours shown are dark, murky greys and greens. The dark tone of the colours still conveys the feeling of sadness, and the shadowy green expresses hardship and misfortune. This reveals that in their history and backgrounds, they have encountered times of hardship and misfortune. The texture of the backdrop itself, a wall, is very shabby and tattered with some large holes which have been ripped out from it. This gives the impression that they are rough, angry band and have a very rocky style. The presentation of the band members is actually quite smart, but has the casual effect as well. They are sat on a white sofa on a white floor which indicates that despite the background gives them a powerful, aggressive appearance, each individual has their tranquil, peaceful side. They are all wearing slightly frayed jeans, showing they are casual and relaxed. Their shirts are smart and well presented; this points out that they also have their formal side to them. This fashion is quite popularly worn by rock bands these days, so this shows that they are your modern, up to date rock band. The lighting in the picture is used quite effectively. It concentrates on the band and gradually fades out around the edge. This is so the audience focuses on the band. As the edge of the picture is in shadow, it gives a feeling that they like to be enclosed by darkness, giving them an aspect of mystery. The eyes of the members are in shadow as well, further adding the aspect of mystery. All members of Madina Lake have some very attention-grabbing hair styles. Each member has their own unique style which shows that they want to stand out from each other in their own way. For example, Mateo on the left has blond hair with a black stripe running through it. The blond connotes that he is a fun and optimistic guy, but the black implies he has power and mystery within his fun and optimistic character. The camera angle is slightly canted at a low angle. The canted angle suggests they like to be interesting and dramatic and portrays a sense of unease and disorientation to the audience, and the low angle implies superiority and that they have power over the audience. This fits in with the dark, powerful colours they have used in the photo. To complete the analyses of this photo, Madina Lake are positioned very close to one another, connoting that the band are a very intimately connected group. There facial expressions are quite directed to the audience. The expressions upon their face have a component of seriousness, especially where the eyes are looking directly at the audience to grab attention and give the feeling they are connecting with you, but they have a relaxed body gesture because of their forward lean, open legs and relaxed hand position. This illustrates they can be calm and composed. The fact the band is made of four members gives an advantage, because you can't really have a middle person to lead and dominate the whole band, giving each band member equal values.

Developing Competent Reader In Classroom Education Essay

The definitions of ‘read ‘ and ‘reading ‘ from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English are: â€Å" Read agencies to look at the written words and understand what they are average † . â€Å" Reading means the activity of understanding the written words † . There is a huge literature on the definition of reading. Harmonizing to Spache and Spache ( 1969 ) there were a assortment of definitions of reading due to the complexness and consecutive phases of reading development. Reading can besides be described in a assortment of headers such as reading for accomplishment development, as a ocular act, as a perceptual act as a contemplation of cultural background and a thought procedure. On the other manus, Williams ( 1984 ) defined reading as a procedure in which a reader looks at a text and understands what has been written. He farther stated that reading does non intend a individual needs to understand everything he reads because people read for different grounds and intents. Reading by itself seems easy and simple but many surveies have been carried out to demo with scientific grounds that the act of reading is really a really complicated procedure. Harmonizing to Ponnusamy ( 1997 ) , the first of import description of reading and its procedure can be traced back every bit early as 1917 by Thorndike, a psychologist who coined reading as logical thinking. The procedure of reading can outdo be described in an analogy written by Thorndike ( 1917 ) as cited in Ponnusamy ( 1997: 21 ) in which he described the reading procedure as: â€Å" aˆÂ ¦understanding a paragraph is like work outing mathematics. It consists of choosing the right component of state of affairs and seting them together in the right dealingss, and besides within the right sum of weight or influence or force for each. The head is assailed as it was bothered by every word in the paragraph. It must choose, repress, soften, stress, correlate organize all under the influence of the right mental form or intent or demand. Therefore, it appears that reading an explanatory or argumentative paragraph involves the same kind of organisation and analytic action of thoughts as those that occur in believing purportedly higher kinds † .two ) Definition of Competent Reader:In response to this inquiry is how the term â€Å" competent † can technically hold somewhat different significances for different persons and households. The basic definition is that non merely reading on a regular footing, but picking up at least some of the implicit in message of what you ‘re reading. If you ‘re reading more for pleasance than work or school, so the key for competence is that you ‘re basking the narrative and feeling like you ‘re genuinely plunging into the existence of the narrative when reading it. But as I merely said, this term is one of those that is a unstable graduated table of significances, so this is all merely one point of position. In the English patterned advance maps, the competent reader is briefly characterized as being able to read between the lines, seeing significance that is n't stated straight and to deploy a broad scope of active schemes to happen and read texts for different intents. Students who are going competent readers have secured sufficient reading schemes, such as phonics, contextual cues, word onslaught accomplishments and sense of grammar, to undertake new and unfamiliar texts, with assurance, on their ain. While they may still read hesitatingly on occasions, they possess sufficient self-help schemes to hear their mistakes and self correct when necessary. They non merely scan in front to undertake longer, complex sentences ; they are get downing to look beyond the sentence to paragraphs, chapters and whole text layout. Students at this phase read for significance and are willing participants in the inventive universe of the text, visualising, sympathizing, and doing opinions about what they read.1. The Importance of Developing Competent Reader in Classroom‘Reading is a wont to be developed by oneself and it can non be taught by instructors. Reading is an synergistic procedure between the readers and the text. Knowledge means a deep apprehension of subjects and the linguistic communication that the reader has acquired. The more the pupil reads the more are the opportunities of going a good reader. Teachers should implement assorted schemes in schools to convey persons with good reading accomplishments, for which he proposed extended reading of easy and interesting books that would make involvement in pupils to read and at the same time better vocabulary. In states such as Malaysia, the challenges for any pupil authors of English are so great. In add-on to holding to larn to compose ( and compose to larn ) to run into the conventions and demands of composing in the mark linguistic communication, they are expected to show a high degree of lingual competency to convey the intended message in their authorship. In other words, to go competent authors, non merely do they need to hold a clear thought of the macro or top-down characteristics that make the text cohere with other texts of the same discourse genre, they besides need to be able to pull upon the relevant lingual resources at the micro or bottom-up degree to do the peculiar piece of composing cohesive ( Celce-Murcia & A ; Olshtain, 2000 ) . Within the literacy community, there are two distinguishable but complementary positions on reading development. The first position, prevalent in several good publicized paperss and federal statute law ( e.g. , Snow, Burns, & A ; Griffin, 1998 ) , deals about entirely with the early period of reading development, what might be described as emergent literacy. This early period is unimpeachably a critical clip in reading development, and there are virtually libraries devoted to basic dimensions of reading acquisition, including phonological consciousness, vocabulary, and eloquence ( Adams, 1990 ) Yet, there is another position of reading development that extends good beyond the initial period of basic accomplishment and procedure acquisition. This perspective looks at reading as â€Å" a long-run developmental procedure, † at the terminal of which â€Å" the proficient grownup reader can read a assortment of stuffs with easiness and involvement, can read for changing intents, and can read with comprehension even when the stuff is neither easy to understand nor per se interesting † . This peculiar orientation does non dismiss the emergent literacy position, but subsumes it as a first measure in lifetime development. It is this 2nd position of reading development-one lupus erythematosus addressed in public and political rhetoric, statute law, and educational policies-that we examine here. Specifically, it is the end to look into how reading develops across the lifetime by constructing on the huge literatures in developmental psychological science, cognitive psychological science, expertness, motive, and domain-specific acquisition, every bit good as reading research. There are of import educational benefits accrued by sing reading within such a lifespan developmental model. For one, it helps us to see the alterations and challenges pupils and grownups face one time they journey beyond the early simple classs. Presently, there is an increased consciousness that more must be done to understand the nature of adolescent literacy ( Alvermann et al. , 1996 ; Moje, 2000 ) and grownup literacy ( Kruidenier, 2002 ; Nist & A ; Holschuh, 2000 ) . The more we understand about striplings ‘ and grownups ‘ continued development as readers, the better we can supply for them. The attacks and intercessions suited for immature readers taking their first stairss toward reading competency are non likely to work for older kids, striplings, or grownups, even if they still struggle to do sense of print ( Alvermann, 2001 ) . Not merely hold these striplings and grownups changed cognitively, physically, and socially, but the in-classroom or at-work literacy de mands they face have changed every bit good ( Nist & A ; Simpson, 2000 ) . A lifespan developmental position would non halt in the early old ages or go to merely to those who have yet to get the most basic accomplishments or procedures. Rather, it would see reading from uterus to tomb ; that is, for all populations and for all stages of reading growing. If instructors understood the nature of alterations that should happen in readers as they progress toward competency, and if instructors had some thought of the jobs that might originate during that journey, so they could break formulate intercessions or trade educational stuffs that might besiege jobs or better their effects ( Pressley, 2001 ) . For illustration, pupils ‘ motives for reading are critical forces in prolonging their continued growing and development in the sphere of reading ( Guthrie & A ; Wigfield, 2000 ) . Thus, educational plans intent on back uping pupils ‘ long-run reading development should give ample consideration to such motivational variables, including pupils ‘ involvements and ends.2. The Competent Reading FrameworkThis reading model is designed to stress on the active and synergistic nature of reading. The purpose of the COMPETENT reading model is to develop COMPETENT, independent readers. The content and public-service corporation of two theoretical accounts of reading comprehension trials, the basic accomplishments assessment theoretical account and the multiple pick cloze ( MCC ) theoretical account, are discussed. The basic reading competence theoretical account assesses the ability to read or deduce â€Å" basic † significances from a scope of written or symbolic communicating, as is necessary for day-to-day life in this society. This limited analysis of the basic competence theoretical account suggests some grade of positive practical impact of the trial ; applications of this theoretical account are illustrated. Criticisms of this theoretical account province that such a trial is non theoretically based, nor objectively consistent, nor does it give scores that provide detailed diagnostic counsel in the instructional procedure. The multiple pick cloze ( MCC ) technique was developed as one look of the actual comprehension concept, viewed as the basic accomplishment underlying the reader ‘s ability to deduce expressed significances from written linguistic communication. Items in the trial are objectively developed and derived from a theoretical model, therefore supplying guidelines for construing the resulting trial tonss. Current developments suggest that these trial consequences can be used to place the sorts of stuffs that readers can grok at the actual degree for specific intents. The trial besides appears to offer a diagnostic capableness with reasonably distinct instructional deductions3. The Benefits of Competent Reading Framework.There are several cardinal facets of the Competent Reading Framework made it so effectual in assisting pupils to better their ain egos. Such as: –ComprehensiveSchools come to set up two to three hours of day-to-day literacy direction across all content countries Schools utilize a model for turn toing four of import larning constituents: comprehension, eloquence, word cognition, and composing Professional development includes direction, lesson planning, and rating and appraisal of pupilsCapacity BuildingTeachers become better prepared to be after and implement direction that addresses pupils ‘ strengths and demands Teachers learn to take research-based schemes that lead to increased pupil accomplishment Professional development extends to the disposal to guarantee support of instructors ‘ attempts to better literacy directionFlexibleThe Framework is non a written plan or commercial merchandise, so it can be shaped to local contexts to better run into the demands of pupils School forces can fit their ain manners, course of study, and stuffs to Framework guidelines All activities and staff development are designed collaboratively with each schoolEffectiveAdoption of the Framework has helped many schools accomplish singular additions in school reading accomplishment ( Preliminary Analysis of an Innovative Framework for School Reading, National Science Foundation, 2001 ) This undertaking was adopted system-wide in 2001 by the Chicago Board of Education and is now implemented in 600 Chicago schools, with 26,000 instructors, functioning 437,000 pupils yearly The Framework rules are consistent with recent determination of the National Reading Panel, and has been so effectual that it is now used by 100s of schools across the stateServicess for Helping SchoolsThe Chicago Reading Framework Project offers schools a broad scope of possibilities to take from when make up one's minding on services.A Schools can custom-make their professional development services by choosing from the following options: Ongoing Support School-wide support to implement the Reading Framework, concentrating direction on comprehension, eloquence, word cognition, and composing Consultations to help instructors in developing more chances for reading and composing within linguistic communication arts/reading and across the content countries Support for instructors in distinguishing their direction to run into the demands of heterogenous schoolrooms Follow-up coaching to instructors that includes schoolroom observations, support within the schoolroom, in-class mold of instructional schemes that support Framework guidelines, unwritten and/or written feedback, and co-planning to run into the demands of pupils Analysis of available pupil informations to place focussed, mensurable aims, every bit good as appropriate instructional schemes to run into those aims Engagement in grade degree meetings to present extra, grade-appropriate schemes and informationWorkshopsProfessional development that addresses the undermentioned key reading elements: phonemic consciousness, phonics, eloquence, vocabulary development, comprehension, and composing Workshops on a assortment of subjects such as appraisal and rating, motive, standards-based course of study, content country literacy, schoolroom direction, among others Full twenty-four hours or half twenty-four hours workshops, developed in concurrence with reading specializers to turn to school demands, are available for the whole module Combine sound theory and practical schoolroom application to assist instructors understand why and how to efficaciously use suggested thoughts and schemes Include mold, guided pattern, and comprehensive stuffs to assist instructors to the full grasp what they learned during workshops and use it in their ain schoolroomsLeadershipConsulting with decision makers, reading specializers, and instructors to analyse school broad literacy attempts and find long- and short-run ends Reding the principal and administrative squad to guarantee consistent execution of the Reading Framework across class degrees Helping school leading with monitoring and support of instructors ‘ attempts Promoting instructors to back up one another and take more of a leading function themselves Collaborating with Reading Specialist and administrative squad sing techniques to turn to literacy betterment across the schoolAppraisal and EvaluationEvaluation of all facets of reading direction and do recommendations for alteration when necessary Analysis of standardised trial and other appraisal informations to steer programs for school betterment Periodic studies and checklists for instructors and decision makers to both assess the advancement made toward ends and to find hereafter techniques to run into school and schoolroom aims Training to help instructors in construing multiple appraisals to better turn to the instructional demands of pupils Regular schoolroom visits to join forces with instructors to analyse their usage of instructional clip and schemes for reading direction across the course of study.4. The Challenges and Potential Problems in Developing Competent ReaderReading is a really of import accomplishment as it is recognized as a necessary portion of obtaining a better occupation and entree to literature and cognition. However, reading in a foreign linguistic communication such as English might be a job for some people. Snow, Burns and Griffin ( 2006 ) claim that there are three possible faltering blocks in reading viz. the trouble in understanding and utilizing the alphabetic rule, the failure to reassign the comprehension accomplishments of spoken linguistic communication to reading and the deficiency of motive and grasp for reading. They further add that kids who face early reading job deficiency anterior cognition and relevant accomplishments such as the ability to bring forth words, the ability to separat e sounds, the ability to get the hang the mechanics of reading and the ability to place letters. This trouble leads to low motive and can be debatable for linguistic communication instructors as â€Å" the motive of necessitating to read is powerful † ( Nuttal, C, 1996: 3 ) . However in order to assist kids to read it is of import to acquire them to read extensively. Nuttal farther adds that the latter is the easiest and most effectual manner of bettering the reading accomplishments. During reading, pupils may hold trouble decryption, and so hold trouble reading the words of their texts accurately. In add-on, these pupils read excessively easy, or deficiency eloquence. As a consequence of their slow, laA ­bored reading, they frequently do non grok much of what they read, and the attending they have to give to calculating out the words keeps them from understanding the text. All excessively frequently these pupils lack sufficient background cognition about the subject of a text. They may hold problem linking the thoughts of a text. They frequently are non familiar with the vocabulary they encounter, and have problem finding word significances. Further, even when the pupils posA ­sess relevant background cognition, they often are non able to actiA ­vate it to assist them understand what they read. Some readers besides are incognizant of text organisation. They do non cognize plenty about the organisational construction of narrations or the variA ­ous organisational constructions of expositive texts to assist them read and unA ­derstand. After reading, these pupils typically do non believe about or reflect upon what they have read. They about ne'er seek out extra information about a subject. The cumulative consequence of these troubles is that they frequently lose assurance in their ability to read. Because reading is hard for them and they can non and make non read widely. As a consequence, they are exposed excessively much less text and so receive much less pattern reading. Further, the pattern they do have is frequently frustrating, because many of the texts they are asked to read are excessively hard for them.5. The Ways to Instil More Interest in Reading among the LearnersTheorists, psycholinguists and linguists have given many sentiments refering to reading and the procedure of reading. Many agree that reading is a complex country ( Ehri, 2001 ; Snow, Burns and Griffin, 2006 ) . In the procedure of reading, the reader constructs intending from written texts. In reading, readers go through certain procedures. These procedures are explained through the three reading theoretical accounts viz. bottom-up, top-down and synergistic theoretical accounts of reading. The bottom-up theoretical account emphasizes on print, wherein the readers decode the print in the signifier of letters and words into text, into phonological representations before building significance ( Nooreiny Maarof, 1998 ) . The top-down theoretical account suggests that the readers guess the significance in the text by doing anticipations about the print and building of intending with the counsel of anterior cognition ( Ibid, 1998 ) . The synergistic theoretical account, on the other manus, combines both the reading theoretical accounts mentioned earlier. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, our reading is said to happen at assorted degrees through the interaction of physical texts on the page and our mental constructs. This theoretical account of reading reflects the underlying theory that supports it, viz. the scheme theory. Schema Theory is really our background cognition at work in the procedure of linguistic communication comprehension ( Hadley, 2000 ) . ESL instructors can make a reading wont among scholars by choosing books which are gratifying to read. The standard for choosing texts must be readability ( ie. accommodating the lingual degree of the reader ) and suitableness of content ( ie. accommodating the rational demands of the reader ) . When books are appealing in coloring material and illustrations with small bullying in linguistic communication and content, there will be sufficient motive to run into any novice reader ‘s appetency to read. Besides this the instructor could besides hold a set of category library books which pupils can borrow. Some scholars, one time provided with reading stuffs will read rather merrily with no farther encouragement from the instructor, others will necessitate farther inducements.One manner the ESL instructor can assist is by puting undertakings after reading a book. This provides a utile feedback to the instructor as to who is reading the most books and which books are most popular. Undertakings include supplying a guided book reappraisal format that the reader has to make full upon completion of a book and a category reading chart naming all the rubrics of books read on the horizontal axis of the grid with names of pupils on the perpendicular axis ofthe grid. By plotting, the chart will bespeak the general advancement ofreading in the category. It will be a good thought to inquire the readers to associate a small ofwhat they read and possibly keep category treatments on the more popula r books read. The texts that are given to pupils are simple and interesting and assist them in accommodating in literary texts. In the schoolroom we might hold a category of mix ability pupils and non ever all the pupils find the texts ‘simple ‘ per say. Teachers have to make their ‘extra ‘ prep to do the texts either simpler for the weaker pupils or more hard for the good pupils. Merely to do the texts interesting and stimulating are n't plenty. Teachers need to be a good function theoretical account in advancing healthy reading wonts. When pupils see for themselves that the instructors read and are knowing automatically pupils would desire to be like them. In short, being a good function theoretical account is really critical in instructors ‘ profession. The texts besides must suitable for each degree but we ca n't state that the linguistic communication or vocabulary is non excessively hard. Private reading can be a rewarding and self-sufficient activity for them, worthy of the clip and energy they invest in it. They see what reading has to offer them. Students who are firmly established as competent readers read with understanding at a actual degree and can besides read beyond the text and between the lines. They infer and deduce both concealed and implied significances and, even though their illations may non ever be firmly rooted in the text, they by and large make sense. Students at this degree deploy a scope of inventive responses to text, such as empathy, anticipation and guess. They may compare the universe of the text to their ain experiences and are able to do simple remarks about a author ‘s point of view every bit good as the consequence of the text on the reader. In both fiction and non-fiction texts, students are able to pick out relevant points, back uping them by some by and large relevant textual mention or citation every bit good as identifying and doing simple remarks about the author ‘s usage of linguistic communication and organisational characteristics.6. The Strategies to Foster the Reading Habit among Malayan LearnersIn position of this, something has to be done to cut down and if possible, to wholly eliminate illiteracy among pupils. Therefore, to get down with, instructors must be seen as function theoretical accounts for the pupils to emulate. Teachers must read a batch in order to maintain abreast with the fast-changing information age. Teachers should affect themselves in reading because harmonizing to Eskey ( 1986. p.21, cited in Renandya & A ; Jacobs, 2002 ) : â€Å" ReadingaˆÂ ¦must be developed, and can merely be developed, by agencies of extended and continued pattern. Peoples learn to read, and read better by reading. † This position on extended reading as a reading wont is besides shared by Krashen ( 1993, p. 23, cited in Renandya & A ; Jacobs, 2002 ) that through reading we â€Å" develop a good authorship manner, an equal vocabulary, advanced grammar and aˆÂ ¦ becomes good spellers † . Finnochiaro ( 1989 ) besides suggests that instructors need to read to assist ease their teaching-learning activity in the schoolroom as information obtained through their reading will assist them maintain in touch with current issues and to use them in their schoolroom treatment. An effectual instructor is a instructor who ever keeps abreast with alterations be it in learning or larning facets. In position of the above mentioned jobs, the research worker would wish to look into the reading wonts of instructors in the four schools. The hapless reading wonts among Malaysians can be seen in studies conducted by the Ministry of Education on National Literacy in 1982 and 1996 ( Kaur and Thiyagarajah, 1999 ) . In the earlier study, an mean Malayan citizen read a mere page or two a twelvemonth whilst the later revealed an norm of two books a twelvemonth. In position of this, the research looked into the reading wonts of instructors in four government-aided secondary schools ( Mission Schools ) in Kuching territory. The survey focused on the types of reading stuffs that they read, whether their instruction tonss inhibit their reading wonts, factors that influence their reading wonts, clip spent on reading and grounds for reading. Every one of us knows how to read, but how frequently we read and what sort of stuff we read? We can non deny that reading is a really good wont, We can get the general cognition by reading. That is why we are inculcated the reading wont by our parent and instructors since we are immature. But, Malaysians have hapless reading wont. Well, if you do n't believe that, merely look into out the study done by the National Library in 2005 to find the profile of Malayan readers. More than half of the 65,000 respondents answered that they read less than seven pages a twenty-four hours and those 10 old ages and above merely read about two books a twelvemonth. Now, it is the clip to do the Malaysians realize the of import of reading and do it as their wont. There are many reading stuffs around us, for illustration, newspapers, magazines and all sort of books. Possibly people feel that reading the words on the paper is a deadening occupation in this engineering century, hence, a new sort of book is being created, that is, electronic book. The words are non lie on the documents any longer, but on the screen of computing machine and you can convey along it wherever you go. It is really convenience to the people today, you merely salvage the book you want to read in the computing machine, no affair how many of book you want to read, there is no the midst and heavy of the documents. Other than that, the authorities has already put attempt into the plans that encourage the people to read more. Many plans have been organized, such as reading festival, reading run and so on. Although the attempts did non derive many supports from the populace, we can non deny the attempts were really do an consequence. Many of the people who were take portion in those plans know the of import of reading and do reading as their new wont now. Besides, the reading wont should be inculcated among childs. To make that, the function of parents and early instruction is really of import. The parents must state the kids about the benefits of reading and do reading more interesting to pull their attending toward reading. Parents may read them a narrative before slumber and inquire the kid read the narrative in bend on the following twenty-four hours. In position of this job, Malaysian A Ministry of Education ( MoE ) attempts to implement more effectual and efficient readingA programsA which are executed consistently and continuouslyA A via a long termA plan known as NILAM Program ‘NP ‘ ( Nadi Ilmu Amalan Membaca ) or slackly translated as â€Å" reading is the pulsation of cognition. Government schools or schools under MoE in Malaysia instructed to put to death NP get downing from January 1999 in conformity to CircularA Num.13/1998A dated 22A May 1998. NILAM: Concept Guide Book and Implementation inA School published by Technology of Education Division, Ministry of Education of Malaysia ( 1998 ) . The Education Ministry is widening the range of the NilamA or Award to promote more studentsA from primary schools every bit good as secondary schools nationwideA to read. The Nilam Award is a reading programme initiated by the Education Ministry in 1999 to instill the reading wont. Students are recognized at primary and secondary school degrees harmonizing to the figure of books they have read. To be awarded the Nilam Award at primary school degree, pupils must read 360 books or more, while at secondary school degree, they have to read 288 books and supra. To measure up, pupils are required to enter their reading activities in reading records. In bend, instructors must attest these records. Recognition is later given to pupils based on the figure of books they have read and reading activities, such as storytelling, that they have carried out. Other extended reading programmes have besides been implemented over the old ages such as Uninterrupted Sustained Silent Reading ( USSR ) , ‘Drop Everything and Read ‘ ( DEAR ) and the Book Flood Approach ( Elley and Mangubahi, 1983 as cited in Renandya and Jacobs, 2002 ) . The intent of the programme is that readers read big measures of books and other stuffs in an environment that nurtures a womb-to-tomb reading wont. While much attempt has been put into reading runs and programmes, indicant is that more and more Malaysians are non interested in picking up the wont. Malayan pupils at the third degree have so shown our pupils ‘ hapless respects for reading ( Mohd Sallehudin 1994, as cited in Normah 2004 ) . The recent, Read-a-thon Read2009 was to instill a love for reading and charity among the immature. For the 2nd twelvemonth running, pupils throughout the state late participated in Malaysia ‘s biggest reading endurance contest. This event was organized by Scholastic, the universe ‘s largest publishing house and distributer of kids ‘s books. This twelvemonth ‘s read-a-thon, titled Read2009: One State Reading Together, was supported by the Education Ministry and held in concurrence with its 1Malaysia Reading Camp. Read2009 was a simple name with a large message. Students read recreationally for 2009 seconds ( 33 proceedingss 29 seconds ) . Reading recreationally means that pupils choose a book of their pick, alternatively of regular school text. Students can read independently or together with their schoolmates and instructors. The aim of Read2009 is to instill pupils with a love of reading. The programme emphasizes diversion reading because pupils must be able to tie in good feelings and pleasant memories with their reading experience ; otherwise, it becomes a job. Reading provides a valuable support of linguistic communication and constructions presented in the schoolroom. It besides provides scholars the chance to pattern deducing significances from the context where constructions and vocabulary are unfamiliar. In add-on, it enables the scholar to reproduce mentally and vocally looks and words present in any written signifier. Therefore, consciously or unconsciously the scholar begins to pass on efficaciously, utilizing the cognition acquired through reading. Extensive reading besides provides the scholar an chance to increase his reading velocity, a accomplishment seldom touched upon in the ESL schoolroom. As the pupil is reading for pleasance, opportunities are he will be eager to see what happens following and will therefore attempt to read faster. Furthermore, as the scholar is reading on subjects that involvements him, it increases his motive and gives him a more positive attitude towards the mark linguistic communication. â€Å" To get the wont of reading is to build for yourself a safety from about all the wretchednesss of life. † – W. Somerset Maugham Somewhere after â€Å" lose weight † , â€Å" halt procrastinating † , and â€Å" autumn in love † , â€Å" read more † is one of the top ends that many people set for themselves. And justly so: A good book can be enormously hearty, can learn you about things beyond your day-to-day skylines, and can make characters so vivid you feel as if you truly cognize them.The following are several ways to cultivate reading wont.Set times. Always carry a book. Make a list. Find a quiet topographic point. Reduce television/Internet. Keep a log. Travel to used book stores. Have a library twenty-four hours. Read merriment and compelling books.. Make it enjoyable. Blog it. Set a high end Have a reading hr or reading twenty-four hoursDecisionThe undertaking of reading is accomplished through an interaction of top-down and bottom-up processing. A individual ‘s yesteryear cognition allows text deconstruction but is at the same time added to during the procedure by new information. Becoming a fluid reader involves happening connexions to one ‘s ain life and doing new information portion of one ‘s ain cognition. The development of principled flexible accomplishments that can be applied to different reading undertakings is one of the most effectual things from a reading category. Learners every bit good as instructors can break understand what messages are in a text by analyzing it with a figure of attacks. Schema theory offers insight on the manner cognition is constructed but is far from a complete unveiling of the cryptic procedure of reading. As instructors, it is of import to supply quality reading beginnings that are suitably leveled and of high involvement to kids. Research has shown that when kids are interested in what they read, comprehension improves. In this plan, we have included fiction, nonfiction, and readers ‘ theatre books, literacy centres, online readers, and synergistic reading experiences. We have addressed the edifice blocks of reading direction by supplying readers and related activities that reinforce phonemic consciousness and phonics, vocabulary development, eloquence, and comprehension. And, the stuffs provided to back up these edifice blocks are synergistic and actuating. It has to be said that doing scholars cognizant of the larning schemes they can use to assist them in their reading does look to hold its advantages. The scholars in the present survey by and large performed better after the consciousness raising session and this is apparent in the better sum-ups they provided of Text 2. Si nce this is merely an exploratory survey no far-reaching claims will be made until the scholars concluding tonss for the reading class are obtained. In any instance, the thought that there is an alternate to long-run scheme direction that does non incur much cost or schoolroom hours but can still heighten scholars scheme consciousness is an attractive option to see. Reading is an of import beginning of cognition for those seeking to accomplish eloquence and efficiency in a foreign linguistic communication. However, efficiency in reading is merely possible if the reader is equipped with the appropriate reading accomplishments. In the ESL categories, most of these accomplishments are taught during intensive reading lessons. Learners of the linguistic communication can shortly go efficient reading if they utilize the accomplishments taught to construe the author ‘s purposes and deductions when reading reliable stuffs. The ESL instructor can promote reading wonts among scholars by puting undertakings to complement the reading programme. Ultimately thought, the reader has to pull off on his ain. Motivation besides is one of the cardinal factors that determine the rate and success of scholars ‘ attainment. It provides the chief inducement to originate the acquisition of a foreign linguistic communication and subsequently the finding to con tinue and prolong the long hard acquisition procedure. Without sufficient motive, even persons with the best of abilities can non carry through long-run ends. As we have seen, a developmental model of reading can be forged from the extended research in expertness that chronicles the womb-to-tomb journey toward proficiency that begins with one ‘s first engages with written linguistic communication. We recognize that there are other powerful forces and events in the lives of readers, outside those considered here, that can assist find the destiny of developing readers. However, our focal point here has been on the factors addressed in the expertness literature, and peculiarly in the research on the Model of Domain Learning ( Alexander, 1997 ) . Those factors-knowledge, involvement, and strategies-should be elements of effectual reading plans and school course of study. Within instructor development, the committedness to this lifespan position would besides ensue in certain programmatic accents. For case, there would be expressed attending to the instruction of schemes that underlie reading public presentation. In that manner, instructors would be better able to help their pupils in the development of rich strategic repertories. Further, we would anticipate professional development to aim a scope of narrative and expositive reading stuffs of both a traditional ( e.g. , book ) and non-alternative ( e.g. , Web pages ) nature ; stuffs that pupils are likely to face in and out of school. In add-on, techniques for actuating readers and for integrating their involvements in reading direction would be an built-in portion of instructors ‘ professional development. Possibly most significantly, a concern for the fosterage of rea ding development would no longer be relegated to the early simple classs. Rather, the development of reading would be seen as a duty of all teachers-from preschool through high school.